{"id":200,"date":"2020-04-10T15:47:08","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T12:47:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/?p=200"},"modified":"2021-09-14T16:58:51","modified_gmt":"2021-09-14T13:58:51","slug":"korona-virus-covid-19-salgininin-kira-sozlesmelerine-etkileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/2020\/04\/10\/korona-virus-covid-19-salgininin-kira-sozlesmelerine-etkileri\/","title":{"rendered":"KORONA V\u0130R\u00dcS (COVID-19) SALGINININ K\u0130RA S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELER\u0130NE ETK\u0130LER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc durdurulamayan Korona Vir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde \u201cPandemi\u201d (t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yay\u0131lan salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k) olarak ilan edilmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl etkileri 10 Nisan tarihi itibariyle 200\u2019den fazla \u00fclkede g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk vaka ise 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde duyurulmu\u015ftur<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde de ilk vakan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinden itibaren, her ne kadar yanl\u0131\u015f bir terim de olsa, \u201cSocial Distancing<\/em>\u201d \u2013 \u201cSosyal Mesafe<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cFiziksel Mesafe<\/em>\u201dnin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin birtak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye dahil bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede resmi organlarca zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve zorunlu hallerde de Fiziksel Mesafenin<\/em> korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden tavsiyeler verilmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu tavsiyelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan genelgeler ile \u201cgece kul\u00fcpleri, bar, pavyon, diskotek, tiyatro, sinema, g\u00f6steri merkezi, konser salonu, ni\u015fan\/d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn salonu, \u00e7alg\u0131l\u0131\/m\u00fczikli lokanta\/kafe, gazino, birahane, taverna, kahvehane, k\u0131raathane, kafeterya, k\u0131r bah\u00e7esi, nargile salonu, nargile kafe, internet salonu, internet kafe, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc oyun salonlar\u0131, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kapal\u0131 \u00e7ocuk oyun alanlar\u0131 (AVM ve lokanta i\u00e7indekiler dahil), \u00e7ay bah\u00e7esi, dernek lokalleri, lunapark, y\u00fczme havuzu, hamam, sauna, kapl\u0131ca, masaj salonu, SPA ve spor merkezleri\u201d<\/em> olmak \u00fczere toplam 149.382 i\u015f yerinin[1]<\/sup><\/a> faaliyetlerine de ge\u00e7ici olarak ara verilmi\u015ftir. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca da t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ya\u015fanan bu salg\u0131n\u0131n ve al\u0131nan bu \u00f6nlemlerin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131, ticari i\u015f ve ili\u015fkilerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri etkilemesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n ile birlikte t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde olan bir di\u011fer konu da salg\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik \/ ticari ili\u015fkilere nas\u0131l yans\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 sorunudur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fanan bu salg\u0131n\u0131n \u201cForce Majeure\u201d \u2013 \u201cM\u00fccbir Sebep<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmekle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zel hukuka ili\u015fkin muamelelerde salg\u0131n\u0131n \u201cM\u00fccbir Sebep<\/em>\u201d say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir a\u00e7\u0131klama s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. \u00d6zellikle de \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde zorunlu olarak kapat\u0131lan i\u015f yerlerinin kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fccbir sebebin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilip edilmeyece\u011fi noktas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne \u015fekilde etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131 ve nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bu de\u011ferlendirmeyi yaparken de, hen\u00fcz ilgili salg\u0131n \u00f6zelinde bu konuda i\u00e7tihat olu\u015fturabilecek bir yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ilgili de\u011ferlendirmelerin \u015fahsi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimden ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden ibaret oldu\u011funu, hukuki olarak bir taahh\u00fct niteli\u011finde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve her s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zelinde m\u00fccbir sebeplere ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerin mevcut olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131larak, mevcut ise bu d\u00fczenlemelere \u00f6ncelik verilmesi gerekti\u011fini de belirtmek isterim. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. COVID-19 SALGININI T\u00dcRK HUKUKU A\u00c7ISINDAN M\u00dcCB\u0130R SEBEP OLARAK N\u0130TELEND\u0130REB\u0130L\u0130R M\u0130Y\u0130Z?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Hukukunda genel kanunlar olarak say\u0131lan kanunlarda m\u00fccbir sebep hallerine ili\u015fkin tan\u0131m i\u00e7eren genel bir d\u00fczenleme mevcut olmay\u0131p, baz\u0131 \u00f6zel kanunlarda m\u00fccbir sebeplerin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanunlara \u00f6rnek olarak 4735 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kamu \u0130hale S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri Kanunu\u2019nu[2]<\/sup><\/a> vermek yerinde olacakt\u0131r. \u0130lgili kanunun \u201cM\u00fccbir Sebepler<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10. Maddesinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a m\u00fccbir sebep olarak kabul edilebilecek haller belirtilmi\u015ftir. Madde metni \u015fu \u015fekildedir;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMadde 10- M\u00fccbir sebep olarak kabul edilebilecek haller a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilmi\u015ftir: <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Do\u011fal afetler.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Kanuni grev.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Genel salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) K\u0131sm\u00ee veya genel seferberlik ilan\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

e) Gerekti\u011finde Kurum taraf\u0131ndan belirlenecek benzeri di\u011fer haller. \u2026<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere her ne kadar genel bir kanunda yer almasa da \u00f6zel bir kanunda genel salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k haline m\u00fccbir sebep olarak yer verilmi\u015f olup, bu da asl\u0131nda kanun koyucunun genel salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k halini m\u00fccbir sebep olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi alg\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine genel bir kanunda m\u00fccbir sebeplerin neler oldu\u011fu konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k bir tan\u0131ma yer verilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 neticesinde Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 ile bu eksiklik giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir tak\u0131m Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131 ile m\u00fccbir sebeplerin neler oldu\u011fu konusunda tan\u0131mlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 2017\/11-90 E., 2018\/1259 K. Say\u0131l\u0131 ve 27.06.2018 tarihli karar\u0131nda[3]<\/sup><\/a> da belirtildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cM\u00fccbir sebep, sorumlu veya bor\u00e7lunun faaliyet ve i\u015fletmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelen, genel bir davran\u0131\u015f normunun veya borcun ihl\u00e2line mutlak ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde yol a\u00e7an, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve kar\u015f\u0131 konulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir olayd\u0131r ( Eren, F.: Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Ankara 2017, s. 582 ). Deprem, sel, yang\u0131n, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k<\/strong> gibi do\u011fal afetler m\u00fccbir sebep say\u0131l\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d denilerek salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n M\u00fccbir Sebep say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde al\u0131nan tedbirlere ili\u015fkin olarak 24 Mart 2020 tarihli ve 31078 M\u00fckerrer say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mlanan 518 S\u0131ra Numaral\u0131 Vergi Usul Kanunu Genel Tebli\u011fi\u2019nin[4]<\/sup><\/a> 1. maddesi incelendi\u011finde, ilgili tebli\u011fin konusunun \u201c\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Vuhan kentinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lan Koronavir\u00fcs (COVID-19) salg\u0131n\u0131ndan ve bu kapsamda al\u0131nan tedbirlerden do\u011frudan etkilenen ve bu Tebli\u011fle belirlenen m\u00fckelleflerin 213 say\u0131l\u0131 Vergi Usul Kanununun m\u00fccbir sebep h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden faydaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> hakk\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yani salg\u0131na ili\u015fkin al\u0131nan tedbirlerden do\u011frudan etkilenen m\u00fckellefler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan salg\u0131n\u0131n vergisel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ba\u011flam\u0131nda M\u00fccbir Sebep<\/strong> olarak kabul edilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere gerek \u00f6zel kanunlarda yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcmler gerek Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 gerekse COVID-19 \u00f6zelinde vergisel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan M\u00fccbir Sebep hali olarak nitelendirilen salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n, ilerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelecek hukuki ihtilaflar \u00f6zelinde, al\u0131nan tedbirlerden do\u011frudan etkilenen \u00f6zel hukuk ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mahkemeler nezdinde \u00f6zel hukuka ili\u015fkin muamelelerde de M\u00fccbir Sebep olarak nitelendirilece\u011fi fikri olu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek san\u0131yorum hatal\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat burada dikkat edilmesi gereken \u00f6nemli bir nokta da \u015fudur ki; her ne kadar COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fccbir sebep olarak nitelendirilebilecek olsa da bu salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ifay\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getirmemesi halinde m\u00fccbir sebepten bahsedilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir durumda T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 138. maddesi[5]<\/sup><\/a> kapsam\u0131nda \u015fartlar\u0131 var ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bahsetmek san\u0131yorum ki daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada aranacak \u015fartlar ise s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken taraflarca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir durumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, bu durumun bor\u00e7ludan kaynaklanm\u0131yor olmas\u0131, bu durumun s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada mevcut olgular\u0131, bor\u00e7lu aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde kendisinden ifan\u0131n istenmesini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede bor\u00e7lu aleyhine de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, bor\u00e7lunun borcunu hen\u00fcz ifa etmemi\u015f veya TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutarak ifa etmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. M\u00dcCB\u0130R SEBEB\u0130N K\u0130RA S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELER\u0130 \u00dcZER\u0130NDEK\u0130 ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fccbir sebebin kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri \u00fczerindeki etkisi incelenirken bu incelemenin konut kiralar\u0131 ve \u00e7at\u0131l\u0131 i\u015f yeri kiralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve de\u011ferlendirmelerin daha net anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan san\u0131yorum daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1. KONUT K\u0130RALARI BAKIMINDAN \u0130NCELEME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konut kiralar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilirken ilgili salg\u0131n\u0131n konut kiralar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sebep olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek gerekecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nan tedbirlerden hi\u00e7biri ki\u015filerin konutlar\u0131nda ikamet etmesine engel olacak nitelikte \u00f6nlemler olmay\u0131p, aksine ki\u015filerin evlerinde \/ konutlar\u0131nda kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik edici ve bazen zorlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler \u015feklindedir. Bu hususu TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinde belirtilen \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde inceledi\u011fimizde ise; salg\u0131n\u0131n taraflarca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir husus oldu\u011fu ve bu durumun kirac\u0131dan kaynakl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131 mevcut olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu durum s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada mevcut olgular\u0131, kirac\u0131 aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde kendisinden ifan\u0131n istenmesini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede aleyhine de\u011fi\u015ftiren bir durum de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle de ilgili ki\u015fi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015fini kaybetmi\u015f veya zorunlu olarak \u00fccretsiz izin kullanmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015f olsa bile konutun kiralanma amac\u0131 her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek oldu\u011fundan ve bu s\u00fcreci de zaten kiralam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu konutta ge\u00e7irmesi gerekti\u011finden bu noktada konut kiralar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccbir sebep veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken husus, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fccbir sebep say\u0131lsa bile i\u015f yerinden \u00fccretsiz izne ayr\u0131lan veya i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ki\u015finin konut kiras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyememesinin sebebinin COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 yani m\u00fccbir sebep de\u011fil de \u00fccretsiz izne ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 veya i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yani salg\u0131n konut kiras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011frudan de\u011fil dolayl\u0131 \/ ikincil bir etki olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle de COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n konut kiralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fccbir sebep te\u015fkil edece\u011finden bahsetmek kanaatimce m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada konut kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kiras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyememesi halinde lehine olarak yararlanabilece\u011fi tek imk\u00e2n 22.03.2020 tarihli ve 31076 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan 2279 karar say\u0131l\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Karar\u0131 olup, bu karar do\u011frultusunda kirac\u0131 hakk\u0131nda 30.04.2020 tarihine kadar icra takibi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel te\u015fkil etmekten ba\u015fka bir sonu\u00e7 da do\u011furmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki salg\u0131ndan dolayl\u0131 olarak da olsa etkilenen konut kiras\u0131na ili\u015fkin hukuki ili\u015fkiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen i\u015fyerleri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olabilecek kurallara benzer d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015fini veya gelirini kaybeden ki\u015filerin ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi, kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem te\u015fkil etmekte olup, temennim en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bu y\u00f6nde bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2. \u0130\u015e YER\u0130 K\u0130RALARI BAKIMINDAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f yeri kiralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 durumlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda incelemek gerekecektir. Zira ya\u015fan\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7te hukuki olarak farkl\u0131 durumlar bar\u0131nd\u0131ran i\u015f yerleri s\u00f6z konusudur. Yap\u0131lacak incelemeyi \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ayr\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde incelemek san\u0131yorum yeterli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1. \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca Yay\u0131nlanan Genelge \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Faaliyetleri Ge\u00e7ici Olarak Durdurulan \u0130\u015fletmeler Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130nceleme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca 81 il valili\u011fine g\u00f6nderilen bir genelge ile 16.03.2020 g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 24.00 itibariyle 81 ilde, tiyatro, sinema, g\u00f6steri merkezi, konser salonu, ni\u015fan\/d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn salonu, \u00e7alg\u0131l\u0131\/m\u00fczikli lokanta\/kafe, gazino, birahane, taverna, kahvehane, k\u0131raathane, kafeterya, k\u0131r bah\u00e7esi, nargile salonu, nargile kafe, internet salonu, internet kafe, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc oyun salonlar\u0131 (atari, playstation vb.), her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kapal\u0131 \u00e7ocuk oyun alanlar\u0131 (AVM ve lokanta i\u00e7indekiler dahil), \u00e7ay bah\u00e7esi, dernek lokalleri, lunapark, y\u00fczme havuzu, hamam, sauna, kapl\u0131ca, masaj salonu, SPA ve spor merkezlerinin faaliyetleri ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine durdurulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili genelge \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde faaliyetleri sonland\u0131r\u0131lan yerlerin \u00e7o\u011fu ticari faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan ve yine b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle bu faaliyetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kira ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde bulunan i\u015fletmelerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7erisinde hazine ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tahsisli olan ve faaliyetleri durdurulan i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 22.03.2020 tarihli genelgesi gere\u011fince kira al\u0131nmamas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015f olup, a\u00e7\u0131k olan ticari i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da personel say\u0131s\u0131 ve faaliyet s\u00fcresi dikkate al\u0131narak kira bedellerinde indirim sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 duyurulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken nokta ise hazine ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmayan i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan durumun ne olaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bu a\u00e7\u0131dan ge\u00e7ici ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1.1. Ge\u00e7ici \u0130fa \u0130mkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca zorunlu olarak faaliyetleri durdurulan i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fccbir sebebin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zd\u0131r. Zira al\u0131nan bu \u00f6nlemin zorunlu olmas\u0131 ve ihlali halinde cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7ermesi, bu \u00f6nlemden do\u011frudan etkilenen ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu \u00f6nlemlere uymak d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka \u00e7are olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemin ge\u00e7ici bir \u00f6nlem oldu\u011fu da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, asl\u0131nda kiraya verenden kaynaklanmayan bir sebeple kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine konu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kirac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131r edilemedi\u011finden bahsetmek san\u0131yorum yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fanan COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve durdurulmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ici olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00f6nlemlerden biri olan faaliyetlerin durdurulmas\u0131 \u00f6nlemi, salg\u0131n\u0131n etkisini kaybetmesinin ard\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu hususta doktrindeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re de kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri gibi s\u00fcrekli bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinde ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k, kural olarak devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7in k\u0131smi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k sonucunu do\u011furur.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131smi imkans\u0131zl\u0131ktan bahsedildi\u011fi noktada da TBK\u2019n\u0131n 137. maddesinin[7]<\/sup><\/a> incelenmesi gerekecektir. \u0130lgili madde metni incelendi\u011finde \u201cBorcun ifas\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu tutulmayaca\u011f\u0131 sebeplerle k\u0131smen imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015f\u0131rsa bor\u00e7lu, borcunun sadece imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015fan k\u0131sm\u0131ndan kurtulur.<\/em>\u201d denilerek bor\u00e7lunun borcun k\u0131smen imkans\u0131zla\u015fan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundan kurtuldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada doktrinde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcut olmakla birlikte \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re[8]<\/sup><\/a>;  ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumunda e\u011fer bu imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sebep olan durumun ne zaman sona erece\u011fi ve ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinin ne zaman nihayete erece\u011fi belirli de\u011filse, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131 da tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse TBK\u2019n\u0131n 136. Maddesinde[9]<\/sup><\/a> d\u00fczenlenen s\u00fcrekli imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k durumunun olaya uygulanmas\u0131 daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. Bu gibi durumlarda da asl\u0131nda ifan\u0131n imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu ge\u00e7ici s\u00fcre dolduktan sonra edimin ifa edilmesi hi\u00e7bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse; 1-10 Nisan 2020 tarihleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan ve bu tarihlerden \u00f6ncesinde veya sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 etkinli\u011fi yapacak ki\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir anlam ifade etmeyecek olan bir etkinlik i\u00e7in kiralanan bir k\u0131r bah\u00e7esi, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genelgesi do\u011frultusunda 1-10 Nisan 2020 tarihleri aras\u0131nda kapal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in burada daha \u00f6nceden bu tarihlere ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k durumunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmek daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. Zira b\u00f6yle bir durumda kirac\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 2. Maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 gere\u011fince m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k durumunun sonradan ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ile kirac\u0131 kiralanan\u0131 kullanmaya devam edebilecek ve kiralanandan faydalanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir sorun s\u00f6z konusu olmayacaksa, burada ifa tarihinin imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe kadar ertelenmesi yoluna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.[10]<\/sup><\/a>Fakat bu erteleme ne kadar s\u00fcrebilir? \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k ortadan kalkana kadar beklemek gerekecek midir? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hususta Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunca verilmi\u015f bir karar da mevcut olup, kararda taraflar\u0131n imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcresince ifay\u0131 erteleyece\u011finden bahsedilmi\u015fse de bu ertelemenin \u201cakde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi\u201d denilen bir s\u00fcre boyunca yap\u0131labilece\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcreden sonra ise taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fanmakta olan COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcresince al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan tedbirler kapsam\u0131nda kapat\u0131lan i\u015fletmelerin kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ici ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin k\u0131yasen uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira bu durumda asl\u0131nda m\u00fccbir sebepten kaynakl\u0131 bu imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinin t\u00fcm k\u00fclfetinin kiraya verenin omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenmesi gibi bir durum s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r. Zira kiraya veren, kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca yay\u0131nlanan genelge \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde faaliyetleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmayan bir i\u015fletmeye kiraya verme imkan\u0131na da sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu imk\u00e2ndan ne zamana kadar faydalanamayacakt\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman sona erece\u011fi, ne zaman kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 veya \u00f6nlemlerin ne zaman sonland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz bilinmedi\u011finden, her ne kadar kirac\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden faydalanabilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylense de, s\u00fcrecin uzamas\u0131 halinde yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nas\u0131l bir yorum yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bekleyip g\u00f6rmemiz gerekecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1.2. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0130fa G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kavram\u0131 TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinde[12]<\/sup><\/a> d\u00fczenlenen bir kavramd\u0131r. Bu kavram ile asl\u0131nda kirac\u0131n\u0131n kira \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin feshi durumunun tam aksine kira ili\u015fkisinin devam\u0131 ile kira ili\u015fkisinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin \u201cAhde Vefa\u201d ilkesine istisna olarak de\u011fi\u015fen ko\u015fullara uyarlanmas\u0131 talebi s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fcessesesinden yararlan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. Maddesi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirli \u015fartlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015f ve bu \u015fartlar\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar i\u015fbu makalenin 1 numaral\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenmi\u015f olsa da k\u0131saca \u015fu \u015fekildedir;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ci)<\/em> S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, taraflarca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de beklenmeyen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc\u0308 bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\u0327 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Bu durum bor\u00e7ludan kaynaklanmam\u0131\u015f\u0327 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) Bu durum, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada mevcut olgular\u0131, kendisinden ifan\u0131n istenmesini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede bor\u00e7lu aleyhine de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f\u0327 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv) Bor\u00e7lu, borcunu hen\u00fcz ifa etmemi\u015f\u0327 veya ifan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutarak ifa etmi\u015f\u0327 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili kanun metninde de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uyarlanmas\u0131 h\u00e2kimden talep edilebilecektir. Burada mahkemeye ba\u015fvurularak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin de\u011fi\u015fen ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re uyarlanmas\u0131 talep edilebilecek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu yolun son \u00e7are olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve \u00f6ncesinde taraflar aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha h\u0131zl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 verece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zira COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te yarg\u0131lama faaliyetlerinde de aksamalar ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 nezdinden birtak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eayet taraflar aras\u0131nda dostane yollarla bir anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lam\u0131yor ise, salg\u0131n\u0131n etkilerinin devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te ifa edilecek edimler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ifan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131n sakl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ihtirazi kay\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, s\u00fcrecin sonucunda hak kayb\u0131na u\u011franmas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1.3. Kira S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin \u00c7ekilmez Hale Gelmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TBK\u2019n\u0131n 331. maddesi[14]<\/sup><\/a> \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tan\u0131nan bir hak da kira ili\u015fkisi kendisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmez hale gelen taraf\u0131n kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir fesih y\u00f6ntemiyle feshetmesidir. Fakat burada belirtmek gerekir ki ilgili madde TBK\u2019n\u0131n Ge\u00e7ici Madde 2. maddesi[15]<\/sup><\/a> gere\u011fince kirac\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nda tacir olarak say\u0131lan ki\u015filer ile \u00f6zel hukuk ve kamu hukuku t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri oldu\u011fu i\u015fyeri kiralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilgili madde 01.07.2020 tarihine kadar uygulanmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihe kadar ilgili ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygulanmayacak olan bu maddede belirtilmi\u015f konuda taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bir h\u00fck\u00fcm var ise bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer bu konuda bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yoksa 818 Say\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclga Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 264. maddesi[16]<\/sup><\/a> uygulanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.2. Faaliyetlerine Devam Etmesine Ra\u011fmen Salg\u0131n Sebebiyle Faaliyetlerinde Aksamalar Ya\u015fanan, Faaliyetleri Evde Kalma \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 Sebebiyle Etkilenen \u0130\u015fletmeler Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130nceleme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 sebebiyle al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler kapsam\u0131nda faaliyetlerine ge\u00e7ici olarak ara verilmeyen market, restoran ve otel gibi i\u015fletmelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 evde kal \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 neticesinde soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma oran\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalmas\u0131 neticesinde s\u00fcre\u00e7ten dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u015fletmelerin taraf oldu\u011fu kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ifan\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen imkans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmek gayet tabii m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zira bu i\u015fletmeler faaliyetlerine devam etmektedir ve kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine taraf olma s\u00fcrecindeki beklentilerinin sekteye u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yorumlama yoluyla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuram\u0131n\u0131n uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusu g\u00fcndeme gelecektir. Burada faaliyetlerine devam eden tacirin \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011finden \u00e7ok daha fazla bir kay\u0131p ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar i\u00e7in uygulama alan\u0131 bulunabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcut olsa da bu denli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir pandemi ile ilk kez kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 neticesinde ilgili kural\u0131n yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131nca nas\u0131l yorumlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek neredeyse imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanaatimce faaliyetleri devam eden bu i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinin uygulanmas\u0131 ancak bu alanda faaliyet g\u00f6steren di\u011fer t\u00fcm i\u015fletmelerin ayn\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131 ve ilgili i\u015fletmenin bu kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011finden daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ispat etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.3. Zorunluluk Olmamakla Birlikte COVID-19 Salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6nlemek ve Kamu Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Korumak Amac\u0131yla Faaliyetlerini Durduran \u0130\u015fletmeler Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130nceleme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere ya\u015fanan salg\u0131n s\u00fcrecinde faaliyetlerine devam etmelerine engel bulunmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ya\u015fanan endi\u015feler ile COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na faaliyetlerine son veren i\u015fletmeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu gibi durumlarda resmi olarak faaliyetlerine ge\u00e7ici olarak ara verilmemesine ra\u011fmen bu endi\u015fe ve kayg\u0131larla faaliyetlerine ara veren i\u015fletmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise, faaliyete ara verilmesi karar\u0131n\u0131n kirac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde, ilgili i\u015fletmenin niteli\u011fi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak TBK\u2019n\u0131n 138. Maddesinin uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faaliyete ara verme karar\u0131n\u0131n kiraya veren taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde ise, bu karar\u0131 veren olarak kiraya verenin TBK\u2019n\u0131n 137. Maddesi kapsam\u0131nda k\u0131smi ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclfetlerine de katlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada \u00f6zellikle bir \u00e7ekince koymakta fayda var. Zira makale i\u00e7erisinde de s\u00fcrekli belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta bir salg\u0131n modern d\u00fcnyada ilk kez ya\u015fanmakta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcm bu konularda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcut olmakla, nihai karar s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131nca verilecek h\u00fck\u00fcmler neticesinde belli olaca\u011f\u0131ndan t\u00fcm bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler \u015fahsi fikirlerimden ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3. 7226 SAYILI KANUN \u0130LE GET\u0130R\u0130LEN TAHL\u0130YE VE FES\u0130H YASA\u011eI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

         <\/strong>Yukar\u0131da detayl\u0131 olarak belirtilen a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, 26.03.2020 tarihli ve 31080 M\u00fckerrer say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131mlanan 7226 Say\u0131l\u0131 Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun<\/em>\u2019un Ge\u00e7ici Madde 2. <\/strong>maddesi ile \u201c(1) 1\/3\/2020 tarihinden 30\/6\/2020 tarihine kadar i\u015fleyecek i\u015f yeri kira bedelinin \u00f6denememesi kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin feshi ve tahliye sebebi olu\u015fturmaz.<\/em>\u201d denilerek, 01.03.2020-30.06.2020 tarihleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6denmeyen i\u015fyeri kiralar\u0131 i\u00e7in kira bedellerine ili\u015fkin bor\u00e7 baki kalmak ve 22.03.2020 tarihli ve 31076 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan 2279 karar say\u0131l\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Karar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda 30.04.2020 tarihine kadar icra takibine konu edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamakla birlikte, bu tarih aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6denmeyen kira bedelleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshi ve tahliye i\u00e7in hakl\u0131 sebep te\u015fkil etmeyecek olup, bu noktada ek bir bilgilendirme yapmakta fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da, halihaz\u0131rda mevcut olan her bir durum i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yorum yap\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, tekrar belirtmek gerekir ki, taraflar aras\u0131nda imza alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde m\u00fccbir sebeplere ili\u015fkin (s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da verilen m\u00fccbir sebep halleri var ise i\u00e7eri\u011finde salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k da bulunan) d\u00fczenlemelere yer verilmi\u015f ise, bu d\u00fczenlemelerin uygulanmas\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck tan\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen yasa maddelerine ili\u015fkin yorumlamalar ise taraflar aras\u0131nda imza alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde m\u00fccbir sebeplere ili\u015fkin (s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da verilen m\u00fccbir sebep halleri var ise i\u00e7eri\u011finde salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k da bulunan) d\u00fczenlemelere yer verilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 halleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan yorumlamalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ya\u015fanabilecek hukuki sorunlar\u0131n yarg\u0131 yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00f6nlemler sebebiyle \u00e7ok m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Ya\u015fanacak hukuki sorunlar ancak salg\u0131n sona erdikten sonra hukuki yollarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilecektir ki bu da kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131 aras\u0131nda belirsizliklerin uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesine ve her iki taraf i\u00e7in de ekonomik kay\u0131plara sebep olabilecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle ya\u015fanabilecek muhtemel sorunlar\u0131n uzla\u015fma yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n kendi takdirleri do\u011frultusunda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesini sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Zira ya\u015fanan salg\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve salg\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 \/ \u00f6nlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu izahtan varestedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te, modern d\u00fcnyada daha \u00f6nceden b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir salg\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 sebebiyle, birden \u00e7ok konuda sorunlar ya\u015fand\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmakta olup, en yak\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fi i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri konusunda at\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan ad\u0131mlar i\u00e7erisinde bulunan yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 gibi, \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n birtak\u0131m d\u00fczenlemeler yapabilece\u011fi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ad\u0131na bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin gerek ticari i\u015fletme gerekse konut temini a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan taraf oldu\u011fu kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da yasama organ\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nlem olarak yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n muhtemel oldu\u011funu belirtmekte fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Av. Nam\u0131k \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 G\u00dcNDO\u011eDU<\/strong>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.icisleri.gov.tr\/koronavirus-tedbirleri-genelgesi-kapsaminda-149382-is-yeri-gecici-sureligine-faaliyetlerine-ara-verdi<\/a>, Eri\u015fim Tarihi 07.04.2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/MevzuatMetin\/1.5.4735.pdf<\/a>, Eri\u015fim Tarihi 07.04.2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> http:\/\/www.kazanci.com\/kho2\/ibb\/files\/dsp.php?fn=hgk-2017-11-90.htm&kw=`2018\/1259`#fm<\/a>, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 07.04.2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2020\/03\/20200324M1-4.htm<\/a>, Eri\u015fim Tarihi 07.04.2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> <\/em>Bkz: S. 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> Dural, Mustafa, Bor\u00e7lunun Sorumlu Olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sonraki \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k, Fak\u00fclteler Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1976, s.105<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> II. K\u0131smi ifa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MADDE 137<\/em><\/strong>– Borcun ifas\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 sebeplerle k\u0131smen imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015f\u0131rsa bor\u00e7lu, borcunun sadece imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015fan k\u0131sm\u0131ndan kurtulur. Ancak, bu k\u0131smi ifa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclseydi taraflarca b\u00f6yle bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, borcun tamam\u0131 sona erer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bor\u00e7\u0327 y\u00fckleyen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, bir taraf\u0131n borcu k\u0131smen imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015f\u0131r ve alacakl\u0131 k\u0131smi ifaya raz\u0131 olursa, kar\u015f\u0131 edim de o oranda ifa edilir. Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir ifaya raz\u0131 olmamas\u0131 veya kar\u015f\u0131 edimin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen nitelikte olmas\u0131 durumunda, tam imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Dural, Mustafa, Bor\u00e7lunun Sorumlu Olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sonraki \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k, Fak\u00fclteler Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1976, s. 101; Antalya, G\u00f6khan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, C. III, \u0130stanbul 2018, s. 205.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> MADDE 136<\/em><\/strong>– Borcun ifas\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 sebeplerle imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015f\u0131rsa, bor\u00e7\u0327 sona erer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bor\u00e7\u0327 y\u00fckleyen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k sebebiyle bor\u00e7tan kurtulan bor\u00e7lu, kar\u015f\u0131 taraftan alm\u0131\u015f\u0327 oldu\u011fu edimi sebepsiz zenginle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca geri vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc\u0308 olup, hen\u00fcz kendisine ifa edilmemi\u015f\u0327 olan edimi isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Kanun veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle borcun ifas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce do\u011fan hasar\u0131n alacakl\u0131ya y\u00fckletilmi\u015f\u0327 oldu\u011fu durumlar, bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bor\u00e7lu ifan\u0131n imkans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alacakl\u0131ya gecikmeksizin bildirmez ve zarar\u0131n artmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nlemleri almazsa, bundan do\u011fan zararlar\u0131 gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> Serozan, Rona, \u0130fa- \u0130fa Engelleri-Haks\u0131z Zenginle\u015fme (Kocayusufpa\u015fao\u011flu \/ Hatemi \/ Serozan \/ Arpac\u0131: Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel Bol\u00fcm \u2013 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt), g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilip geni\u015fletilmi\u015f\u0327 7.b., 2016, \u00a7 14, N.2; Atamer, Ye\u015fim, Uluslararas\u0131 Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine \u0130li\u015fkin Birle\u015fmi\u015f\u0327 Milletler Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (CISG) Uyar\u0131nca Sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 473.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun E. 2010\/15-193, K. 235, T. 28.04.2010 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131<\/strong>: \u201cObjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131kta s\u00f6zle\u015fme esasen BK. md.20 uyar\u0131nca butlanla bat\u0131ld\u0131r ve ayr\u0131ca feshi gerekmez. H\u00e2lbuki ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131kta akdin ifas\u0131 bir hadisenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak o hadise tahakkuk ederse akdin icras\u0131 istenebilir. (…) \u015e\u00fcphesiz ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beraberinde taraflar\u0131n bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 sorununu getirir. Bu konudaki kural “ahde vefa = s\u00f6ze sadakat” ilkesi gere\u011fi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar vard\u0131r ki, taraflar\u0131 o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 saymak hem onlar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini engeller hem de bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde taraflar\u0131n o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulma s\u00fcresine “akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi” denilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcrenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini de her somut olaya g\u00f6re ve onun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cIII. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MADDE 138<\/em><\/strong>– S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada taraflarca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de beklenmeyen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc\u0308 bir durum, bor\u00e7ludan kaynaklanmayan bir sebeple ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada mevcut olgular\u0131, kendisinden ifan\u0131n istenmesini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede bor\u00e7lu aleyhine de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve bor\u00e7lu da borcunu hen\u00fcz ifa etmemi\u015f\u0327 veya ifan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutarak ifa etmi\u015f\u0327 olursa bor\u00e7lu, h\u00e2kimden s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yeni ko\u015fullara uyarlanmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme, bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. S\u00fcrekli edimli s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde bor\u00e7lu, kural olarak d\u00f6nme hakk\u0131n\u0131n yerine fesih hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu madde h\u00fckm\u00fc\u0308 yabanc\u0131 para bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda da uygulan\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Tasar\u0131s\u0131 Madde Gerek\u00e7eleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> MADDE 331<\/em><\/strong>– Taraflardan her biri, kira ili\u015fkisinin devam\u0131n\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ekilmez h\u00e2le getiren \u00f6nemli sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yasal fesih bildirim s\u00fcresine uyarak her zaman feshedebilir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2kim, durum ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc\u0308 fesih bildiriminin parasal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 karara ba\u011flar<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> GE\u00c7\u0130C\u0130 MADDE 2 \u2013 (De\u011fi\u015fik: 4\/7\/2012-6353\/53 md.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirac\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nda tacir olarak say\u0131lan ki\u015filer ile \u00f6zel hukuk ve kamu hukuku t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri oldu\u011fu i\u015fyeri kiralar\u0131nda, 11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 323, 325, 331<\/strong>, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346 ve 354 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddeleri 1\/7\/2012 tarihinden itibaren 8 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle uygulanmaz. Bu halde, kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde bu maddelerde belirtilmi\u015f\u0327 olan konulara ili\u015fkin olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi gere\u011fi kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi h\u00fck\u00fcmleri tatbik olunur. Kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm olmayan hallerde m\u00fclga Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> Madde 264 \u2013<\/em><\/strong> Muayyen bir m\u00fcddetle akdedilen gayrimenkul kiras\u0131nda, mucip akdin icras\u0131n\u0131 tahamm\u00fcl edilmez bir hale getiren sebepler hud\u00fcs\u00fcnde; iki taraftan her biri, di\u011ferine tam bir tazminat vermek ve kanuni mehillere riayet etmek \u015fartiyle ve kira m\u00fcddetinin hitam\u0131ndan evvel feshi ihbar edebilir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kira bir sene veya daha uzun bir m\u00fcddet i\u00e7in akdedilmi\u015f\u0327 ise, kiralayan veya kirac\u0131ya verilecek tazminat alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k kira kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan az olamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirac\u0131 kendisine tazminat verilmedik\u00e7e kiralanan\u0131 terke icbar olunamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne \u015fekilde etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131 ve nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bu de\u011ferlendirmeyi yaparken de, hen\u00fcz ilgili salg\u0131n \u00f6zelinde bu konuda i\u00e7tihat olu\u015fturabilecek bir yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ilgili de\u011ferlendirmelerin \u015fahsi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimden ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden ibaret oldu\u011funu, hukuki olarak bir taahh\u00fct niteli\u011finde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve her s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zelinde m\u00fccbir sebeplere ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerin mevcut olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131larak, mevcut ise bu d\u00fczenlemelere \u00f6ncelik verilmesi gerekti\u011fini de belirtmek isterim. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":809,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=200"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":810,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions\/810"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/cinarhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}